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See note # 11026

See note # 11026

Going back to DeLancey (1996 J Pelvic Surg 2:260-263) and Shafik (1999 World J Urol 17:266-273), it would be wise to keep the term Musculus levator ani as the top position of the partonomy.

Dorschner et al. (2001 Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol 159) has not found a morphological substate for such a muscle.

Fritsch et al. (2002 Dis Colon Rectum 45:188-194) and Wu et al. (2015 PLoS ONE 10:e0132226) could not demonstrate attachment to the vagina.

The Musculus puborectalis colocalizes with the deep and superficial portions of the Musculus spincter ani externus (Wu et al. 2017 J Anat (Lond) 230:651-663; Wu et al. 2020 Clin Anat 33:275-285).

Since there is no Musculus sphincter urethrae femininae internus (Oelrich et al. 1983 Anat Rec 205:223-232; Gosling 1985 Urol Clin North Am 12:207-214), the term Musculus sphincter urethrae feminimae externus should be changed to Musculus sphincter urethrae ♀.

Dorschner et al. (2001 Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol 159) renamed the Musculus sphincter urethrae masculinae externus as Musculus sphincter urethrae ♂ (urethral muscle of external sphincter), and the Musculus sphincter urethrae internus as Musculus sphincter vesicae ♂ (vesical muscle of internal sphincter)

The subcutaneous perineal pouch is a potential space between the membranous layer of perineal subcutaneous tissue and the superficial layer of the investing fascia of perineal muscles. Extravasations or collections in the subcutaneous pouch may track, deep to the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue, into the anterior abdominal wall, along the clitoris/penis and far into the labia or scrotum.

The superficial perineal pouch is a fully enclosed compartment, being bounded below by the perineal fascia (the superficial layer of the investing fascia of the superficial perineal muscles) and above the perineal membrane.

The deep perineal pouch on the other hand, is not an enclosed compartment but is open to above. This and the deep urogenital muscles are bounded below by the perineal membrane but extend up into the pelvis rendering the old term diaphragma urogenitalis and fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior misnomers (Oelrich 1980 Am J Anat 158:229-264; 1983 Anat Rec 205:223-232).

As noted by Oelrich (1983 Anat Rec 205:223-232) the Musculus transversus perinei profundus is absent in the female perineum; Dorschner et al. (2001 Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol 159) also doubted its presence in the male perineum.

According to Fritsch et al. (2004 Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol 175) these terms are most confusing. In their opinion, there is only one structure, running from the pubic bone to the vesical neck, which mainly consists of smooth muscle cells intermingled with strands of dense connective tissue. They proposed to change these two terms into the term Musculopubovesicalis.

See note # 11026